Pollen from rye grass, a significant cause of hay fever and respiratory allergies during its pollen season.

Fish commonly consumed and used in various culinary dishes. Cod allergies can provoke digestive symptoms and anaphylaxis.

RBPJ (Recombination Signal Binding Protein For Immunoglobulin Kappa J Region): RBPJ is a key transcription factor in the Notch signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating cell fate, differentiation, and development. Proper function of RBPJ is essential for tissue development and cell specialization, while dysregulation of RBPJ and Notch signaling is associated with various diseases, including cancers and developmental disorders.

SDK1 (Sidekick Cell Adhesion Molecule 1): SDK1 is a protein that plays a key role in cell adhesion and synaptic organization. It is important for the formation of neural circuits, especially in the visual system, and contributes to proper neural connectivity and communication.

RALGDS (Ral Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Stimulator): RALGDS is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates the activation of Ral GTPases. It plays a key role in signal transduction pathways, influencing cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Changes in RALGDS activity have been associated with cancer development and progression.

LRFN5 (Leucine Rich Repeat and Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5): LRFN5 is a member of the LRFN family of proteins. It is involved in neuronal development and synaptic function, playing a role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. Dysfunctions in LRFN5 may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.

NRSN1 (Neurensin 1): NRSN1 is a neuronal protein that may play a role in synaptic function and plasticity. While its precise function in the brain is not fully understood, it is believed to contribute to the regulation of neurotransmitter release and neuronal signaling, with potential implications for learning and memory.

TRIB1 (Tribbles Pseudokinase 1): TRIB1 is a gene that encodes a pseudokinase protein belonging to the Tribbles family. TRIB1 plays key roles in regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in growth, metabolism, and inflammation. It has been linked to lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cancer, with its complex functions continuing to be an active area of research.

ADRA1A (Adrenoceptor Alpha 1A): ADRA1A is a gene that encodes a subtype of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors, which are involved in the body’s responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline. These receptors play a key role in smooth muscle contraction and cardiovascular function, including blood pressure regulation and vascular tone. Changes in ADRA1A activity may influence cardiovascular health and autonomic nervous system function.

MITF (Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor): MITF is a key regulator that reflects the role of MITF in the development and function of melanocytes, the cells responsible for pigment production. It is essential for normal pigmentation, and mutations in MITF can lead to pigmentary disorders and increase the risk of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. MITF also contributes to the development of certain retinal cells and is implicated in Waardenburg syndrome.

TNR (Tenascin R): TNR is a gene that encodes an extracellular matrix protein predominantly found in the central nervous system. It is involved in neural development, including synaptic plasticity and neuronal differentiation. TNR plays a role in forming neural networks and may influence neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes.

TMEM171 (Transmembrane Protein 171): TMEM171 is a gene that encodes a transmembrane protein. While its specific functions are not yet fully understood, transmembrane proteins generally play important roles in cell signaling, transport of molecules across membranes, and cellular communication. Further research is needed to clarify the precise roles of TMEM171 in cellular processes.

Grass pollen that is a significant cause of seasonal allergies, especially in late spring and early summer.

CPXM1 (Carboxypeptidase X, M14 Family Member 1): CPXM1 is a protein that belongs to the metallo-carboxypeptidase family and is involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. It contributes to cell adhesion, migration, and key physiological processes such as wound healing and inflammation. Dysregulation of CPXM1 may be linked to tissue remodeling disorders and certain cancers.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

LURAP1 (Leucine Rich Adaptor Protein 1): LURAP1 is a gene that encodes a leucine-rich protein believed to be involved in signal transduction pathways. While its exact functions are not fully understood, LURAP1 may play a role in regulating cellular processes such as cell migration and cytoskeletal organization.

SCNN1G (Sodium Channel Epithelial 1 Subunit Gamma): SCNN1G is a gene that encodes the gamma subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which regulates sodium balance and fluid homeostasis in epithelial tissues such as the lung, kidney, and colon. This subunit is important for controlling the channel’s activity and response to regulatory signals, including hormones like aldosterone. Mutations or dysregulation of SCNN1G can affect fluid and electrolyte balance and contribute to related disorders.

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite formed from the breakdown of catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It is used as a clinical marker to assess catecholamine activity, with levels typically measured in urine. Various factors, including certain foods and medications, can influence VMA levels.

APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein): APP is a measure that reflects the role of a key transmembrane protein involved in various cellular processes, especially in the central nervous system. APP is essential for neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and cell signaling. Its processing produces amyloid-beta peptides, which are linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Proper regulation of APP processing and amyloid-beta production is critical for maintaining neuronal health and cognitive function, while dysregulation can contribute to Alzheimer's pathology.

NMRK1 (Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 1): NMRK1 is an enzyme that plays a key role in the NAD+ biosynthesis pathway by catalyzing the conversion of nicotinamide riboside to nicotinamide mononucleotide. NAD+ is essential for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. Through its role in NAD+ production, NMRK1 is important for maintaining cellular energy balance and genomic stability, with implications for aging, metabolic disorders, and conditions linked to NAD+ depletion.

Ric3 (Resistance To Inhibitors Of Cholinesterase 3 Homolog): Ric3 is a protein involved in the maturation and trafficking of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are essential for neuronal signaling. Ric3 plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, and alterations in its function can have implications for neurological diseases.

JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2): JAK2 is a gene that encodes a kinase enzyme belonging to the Janus kinase (JAK) family. JAK2 plays a key role in cytokine signaling pathways and is essential for the activation of immune and blood-forming (hematopoietic) cells. Mutations in JAK2 are linked to blood disorders, including polycythemia vera and other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

OVOL1 (Ovo Like Transcriptional Repressor 1): OVOL1 is a gene that encodes a transcriptional repressor involved in regulating gene expression during development and tissue differentiation. It plays a role in epithelial cell differentiation and the formation of tissue barriers.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in inhibiting neuronal activity in the brain. It helps regulate mood, anxiety, and sleep, promoting relaxation and calmness. By balancing the effects of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate, proper GABA function is essential for mental and emotional well-being.

TRPM6 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 6): TRPM6 is a channel that plays a key role in magnesium (Mg) absorption and homeostasis. It is essential for maintaining proper magnesium balance in the body, and mutations in TRPM6 can result in hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia, a condition marked by low magnesium and calcium (Ca) levels in the blood.

Mycoplasma, particularly Mycoplasma hominis (MH), is a type of bacteria that can be transmitted through sexual contact, though it is not strictly classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is one of several Mycoplasma species that affect humans and can inhabit the genital and respiratory tracts. While often asymptomatic, it can cause health issues, particularly in the genitourinary system.

PWWP3B (PWWP Domain Containing 3B): PWWP3B is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin organization and gene regulation. Its PWWP domain suggests a role in epigenetic regulation. Dysfunction in PWWP3B may be linked to developmental disorders and cancers due to its impact on gene expression.

OLFM4 (Olfactomedin 4): OLFM4 is a gene that encodes a secreted protein expressed in various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. While its functions are not fully understood, OLFM4 is associated with the regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the gut, indicating a potential role in tissue regeneration and maintenance.

TRMO (tRNA Methyltransferase 10 Homolog A): TRMO (tRNA Methyltransferase 10 Homolog A) is a gene that plays a role in tRNA modification. It encodes an enzyme responsible for methylating specific nucleotides in tRNA molecules. These tRNA modifications are essential for ensuring accurate protein synthesis during translation.

RABGAP1L (RAB GTPase Activating Protein 1-Like): RABGAP1L is a gene that encodes a protein involved in intracellular membrane trafficking by regulating RAB GTPases. It plays a key role in vesicle transport and overall cellular logistics. Dysregulation of RABGAP1L may disrupt cellular transport mechanisms and has been studied in relation to neurological disorders, where proper membrane trafficking is essential for neuronal function.

TRAPPC9 (Trafficking Protein Particle Complex Subunit 9): TRAPPC9 is a gene that encodes a subunit of the trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) complex. This complex plays a key role in vesicle trafficking within cells, supporting the transport of proteins and lipids between cellular compartments. TRAPPC9 is essential for maintaining proper cellular function and organization.

Lamb intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting lamb meat, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a lamb allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and may cause severe symptoms, lamb intolerance typically leads to digestive issues that occur after consuming lamb.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae, also known as the mold mite, is a species commonly found in stored foods and household dust. These mites thrive in environments with high humidity and can trigger allergic reactions when their waste or body parts become airborne and inhaled, leading to a range of allergy-related symptoms in sensitive individuals.

Gardnerella, specifically Gardnerella vaginalis, is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the vaginal microbiome. While it is a normal part of vaginal flora, an imbalance can lead to overgrowth, resulting in bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal infection. It is not classified as a traditional sexually transmitted infection (STI), but its presence and growth can be influenced by sexual activity.

NNT (Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase): Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase (NNT) is an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that plays a key role in regenerating NADPH from NADH. This process is essential for maintaining the cellular redox balance and protecting cells from oxidative stress. Deficiencies in NNT can impair mitochondrial function and increase vulnerability to oxidative damage, contributing to metabolic disorders and chronic diseases.

Common pigweed is a widespread plant known for its highly allergenic pollen. Its pollen can trigger hay fever and other allergic reactions, particularly in late summer and fall. Individuals sensitive to pigweed may experience symptoms during its peak pollination period.

Titanium (Ti) is a metal widely used in medical implants, cosmetics, and paints, valued for its strength and resistance to corrosion. While elemental titanium is generally considered safe, inhalation of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles, particularly in powder form, can pose respiratory risks. Individuals working in industries that process titanium materials or using certain cosmetic products may be exposed. Following safety protocols and using protective equipment can help minimize the risk of inhaling titanium particles.

TRIM33 (Tripartite Motif Containing 33): TRIM33 is a protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, involved in transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. It plays important roles in chromatin remodeling, stem cell differentiation, and the suppression of tumor development.

Apple allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in apples, often linked to Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS). It commonly occurs in people allergic to birch pollen, as similar proteins in apples can trigger cross-reactivity. Symptoms can range from mild oral discomfort to more pronounced reactions, though severe cases are uncommon.

Pollen from cypress trees, prevalent in the spring and fall. Known to cause hay fever and asthma symptom.

Stone fruit that can cause allergies ranging from oral allergy syndrome to severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

KCTD1 (Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain Containing 1): KCTD1 is a protein that interacts with potassium channels, influencing their activity. It plays important roles in cellular functions such as signal transduction and ion transport. Mutations in KCTD1 have been associated with developmental disorders, particularly affecting skin and hair.

APEH (Acylaminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase): APEH is an enzyme that plays a key role in protein turnover by degrading acetylated peptides. It is involved in processing damaged or misfolded proteins, helping to maintain protein homeostasis. Dysfunctions in APEH can impact neurodegenerative processes and the body’s response to oxidative stress.

Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting Alaska pollock, a type of fish, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an allergy to Alaska pollock, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, intolerance typically leads to digestive issues after consumption.

Beef intolerance is a condition in which the digestive system reacts adversely to the consumption of beef. Unlike a beef allergy, which triggers an immune response and can be more severe, beef intolerance is related to difficulties in digesting or processing certain components of beef.

Urinary nitrates are chemical compounds typically absent or present only in small amounts in urine. Their presence can indicate a bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), since certain bacteria can convert urinary nitrite into nitrate. Nitrate testing is a common diagnostic method for detecting UTIs.

Cucumber intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting cucumber, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cucumber allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, cucumber intolerance typically leads to digestive symptoms after consumption.

Dill intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting dill, an herb commonly used for its distinctive flavor in pickles, salads, and seafood dishes. It typically causes gastrointestinal discomfort and differs from a dill allergy, which triggers an immune response and can result in more severe symptoms. People with dill intolerance usually experience digestive issues after consuming dill or foods containing it.

Grass pollen allergies are a measure that reflects sensitivity to various grass species — including sweet vernal, orchard grass, common reed, and bent grass. These allergens can significantly affect individuals prone to allergic reactions, influencing respiratory health, eye irritation, and overall well-being. Understanding these allergies, recognizing symptoms, and applying effective management strategies can help reduce discomfort and improve quality of life during peak pollen seasons.

Halibut intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting halibut, a flatfish commonly eaten as a seafood delicacy. It can cause gastrointestinal discomfort and differs from a halibut allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and may result in more severe symptoms. People with halibut intolerance typically experience digestive issues after eating halibut or dishes prepared with it.

Avocado intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting avocado, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike avocado allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can lead to more severe reactions, avocado intolerance is limited to digestive symptoms that occur after avocado consumption.

ATP8B1 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B1) is a gene that encodes a phospholipid transporter found in the liver cell membrane. It helps maintain the lipid balance of cell membranes and bile. Mutations in ATP8B1 can lead to progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), a group of inherited liver disorders.

Shrimp allergy is a common type of shellfish allergy, involving an immune reaction to proteins found in shrimp. It is one of the most common food allergies in adults and can cause a range of symptoms from mild to severe, including the risk of anaphylaxis. Shrimp allergy is typically lifelong and can be triggered by eating shrimp or even by inhaling steam from cooking shrimp.

Cabbage intolerance refers to difficulty digesting cabbage, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cabbage allergy, which triggers an immune reaction, this intolerance is related to digestion and typically causes symptoms after eating cabbage.

Aubergine intolerance, also known as eggplant intolerance in some regions, is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting aubergine. Unlike an aubergine allergy, which involves an immune system response and can trigger more severe reactions, intolerance primarily leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. People with aubergine intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming aubergine.

Pinworms (Oxyuris), also known as threadworms, are common intestinal parasites, especially in children. These small, white worms cause itching around the anus, disrupted sleep, and irritability due to their nighttime egg-laying. Infection spreads through the fecal-oral route, often by ingesting microscopic eggs from contaminated hands, surfaces, or food.

New World hookworms (Necator americanus) are a type of parasitic worm commonly found in the Americas. These parasites attach to the intestinal walls of their hosts, causing chronic blood loss, anemia, and protein deficiency. The larvae can penetrate the skin from contaminated soil, putting individuals who come into contact with such environments at risk of infection.

King crab, a delicacy in seafood cuisine, is prized for its taste and texture. However, some individuals may experience king crab intolerance, which can affect their enjoyment of this seafood.

NLGN1 is a measure that reflects the presence and function of a key protein in the nervous system — Neuroligin 1, encoded by the NLGN1 gene. It plays a vital role in the formation and modulation of synapses, supporting synaptic specialization, strength, and plasticity. NLGN1 is critical for learning, memory, and overall brain function, and has been a focus in research on autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions.

Urine density, also called urine specific gravity, is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It reflects the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine and serves as an indicator of hydration status and kidney function. While normal values can vary, deviations may indicate dehydration, overhydration, or underlying kidney disorders.

NKX2-3 (NK2 Homeobox 3): NKX2-3 is a gene that encodes a transcription factor important for gastrointestinal development and homeostasis. It helps regulate genes involved in intestinal epithelial cell differentiation and mucosal immunity. Dysregulation of NKX2-3 has been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases.

Herring intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting herring, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a herring allergy, which involves an immune response and can cause severe reactions, herring intolerance is typically limited to digestive symptoms after eating this type of fish.

Chamomile tea intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting chamomile tea, an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers. Unlike a chamomile tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, intolerance mainly leads to digestive discomfort. People with chamomile tea intolerance typically experience gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming chamomile tea.

Acarus siro, commonly known as the flour mite, is a species often found in stored grains and flour. These mites can thrive in kitchen cupboards and pantries, particularly in humid conditions. For sensitive individuals, exposure may trigger allergic symptoms and can be especially problematic for those with existing respiratory conditions.

Honey intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting honey, a natural sweetener produced by bees. It can cause gastrointestinal discomfort and is distinct from a honey allergy, which involves an immune reaction and may trigger more severe symptoms. People with honey intolerance typically experience digestive issues after consuming honey or products containing it.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infection under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are associated with conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. While they can be sexually transmitted, they are not always classified strictly as STIs.

Rye intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting rye, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike rye allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, rye intolerance typically results in digestive issues after consuming rye or rye-based products.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including inhibition of mineralization and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

HIV-2 is a less common type of human immunodeficiency virus. Like HIV-1, it affects immune cells and can lead to immune suppression over time, but it is generally associated with slower disease progression. HIV-2 is still clinically important and requires proper diagnostic confirmation and medical follow-up.

HIV-1 is the most common type of human immunodeficiency virus. It primarily targets immune cells (especially CD4 T-cells) and, if untreated, can gradually weaken the immune system over time. HIV-1 is the main driver of the global HIV epidemic and is the type most people refer to when they say “HIV”.

RAB38 is a member of the Ras-related protein family and acts as a key regulator of intracellular membrane trafficking, particularly within the endosomal-lysosomal system. Primarily located in the cytoplasm, RAB38 coordinates the movement and fusion of membrane-bound vesicles, ensuring proper sorting and delivery of cargo molecules. This protein plays a specialized role in melanosome biogenesis, supporting the maturation and transport of melanosomes — organelles responsible for melanin synthesis and distribution in melanocytes. Through its interactions with effector proteins and membrane fusion machinery, RAB38 facilitates these critical cellular processes.

PAX1 (Paired Box 1): PAX1 is a key regulatory gene involved in the development of the spine and thoracic cage. It plays a crucial role in skeletal formation, and mutations in PAX1 can result in congenital spinal and skeletal malformations.

p-Cresol sulfate is a metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria through the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. It is primarily detoxified in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Higher levels may reflect increased bacterial protein fermentation, impaired detoxification, or reduced renal clearance. Balanced levels indicate efficient gut microbial metabolism and normal liver–kidney function.

MTRR (Methionine Synthase Reductase): MTRR is an enzyme that plays a critical role in regenerating methylcobalamin, supporting the continuous function of MTR in homocysteine metabolism. It is essential for maintaining proper methionine levels and normal DNA synthesis. Mutations in MTRR are linked to homocystinuria, which can contribute to developmental and neurological complications. Understanding MTRR function provides insights for potential therapies for genetic disorders.

ZKSCAN5 (Zinc Finger with KRAB and SCAN Domains 5): ZKSCAN5 encodes a zinc finger protein containing KRAB (Krüppel-associated box) and SCAN (SRE-ZBP, CTfin51, AW-1, and Number 18 cDNA) domains. These domains play important roles in transcriptional regulation and DNA binding. The specific functions of ZKSCAN5 are still under investigation.

Sarcosine is an amino acid that supports mental health and metabolism. It plays a role in synthesizing other amino acids, aiding muscle growth, and supporting cognitive function. Naturally present in egg yolks, turkey, and legumes, sarcosine is linked to brain health and is being explored for its potential in mental health research.

CASQ2 (Calsequestrin 2): CASQ2 is a protein involved in calcium storage within the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cells. It plays a key role in regulating calcium balance and cardiac muscle contraction. Mutations in CASQ2 are associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a condition characterized by irregular heartbeats triggered by physical activity or stress.

LBP (Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein): LBP is a protein that plays a key role in the immune response to bacterial infections. It binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and helps trigger the innate immune system. LBP is an important component of the body’s defense against bacterial pathogens.

Tarragon is a fragrant herb known for its distinct anise-like flavor and is commonly used to enhance the taste of various dishes. While generally safe, some individuals may experience tarragon intolerance, which can affect their ability to consume it without discomfort.

REX1BD (REX1 Basic Domain): REX1BD is a gene region characterized by a basic domain that may contribute to DNA binding or protein–protein interactions. While its exact functions and roles in cellular processes are not yet fully understood, ongoing research aims to clarify its significance in biological systems.

PFKP (Phosphofructokinase, Platelet): PFKP is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that regulates the rate of glucose metabolism. It catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Proper regulation of PFKP is essential for cellular energy production, and its dysregulation has been studied in cancer, where altered glucose metabolism is commonly observed.

SCAMP5 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 5): SCAMP5 is a member of the SCAMP family, involved in membrane trafficking processes. It plays a key role in regulating membrane recycling and exocytosis, especially in neurons. SCAMP5 is important for neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication, and its function may have implications in neurological disorders.

ADH1B (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B): ADH1B is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the first step of alcohol metabolism, converting ethanol into acetaldehyde. Genetic variations in ADH1B can influence the rate of alcohol metabolism, affecting alcohol tolerance and the risk of alcohol-related diseases.

NUDT9 (Nudix Hydrolase 9): NUDT9 is a gene that encodes a member of the Nudix hydrolase family. Proteins in this family are involved in the hydrolysis of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. While the specific substrates and functions of NUDT9 are still being studied, it plays a role in nucleotide metabolism and cellular homeostasis.

LIN7C (Lin-7 Homolog C, Crumbs Cell Polarity Complex Component): LIN7C is a protein that reflects the role of the LIN7 family in establishing and maintaining cell polarity. It is essential for proper cell function and tissue organization, particularly in neural and epithelial cells. Mutations or dysregulation of LIN7C can disrupt cell polarity and signaling, potentially contributing to developmental abnormalities or disease.

Fruit allergies, such as those to kiwi, mango, and banana, are increasingly recognized and reflect the body’s immune response to specific proteins in these fruits. These allergies can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe reactions, and identifying and managing them effectively is essential for maintaining health and well-being.

Acinetobacter spp. is a group of gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil, water, and occasionally in the human gut. Although they are not dominant in a healthy microbiome, certain strains can colonize the intestines, especially after antibiotic use or in hospital environments. Some species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are known for their antibiotic resistance and their role in infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In fecal analysis, the presence of Acinetobacter may reflect environmental exposure, microbial imbalance, or antibiotic-related changes in the gut flora.

KCNMB3 (Potassium Calcium-Activated Channel Subfamily M Regulatory Beta Subunit 3): KCNMB3 is part of a family of calcium-activated potassium channels that help regulate neuronal excitability and vascular tone. This gene is important for blood pressure control and cardiovascular function, and variations in KCNMB3 may be associated with hypertension and heart disease.

Tuna and salmon are popular fish choices worldwide, known for their taste and health benefits. However, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to these fish, a condition that can range from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening reactions. Understanding the symptoms, triggers, and management strategies for tuna and salmon allergies is important for those affected.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus), commonly known as the European house dust mite, is a common indoor allergen. These microscopic organisms thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on organic matter such as shed human skin flakes. Their body fragments and waste products can provoke allergic reactions and asthma in sensitive individuals.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a herbaceous plant from the mint family, best known for its stimulating effects on cats. While not typically consumed by humans, some individuals may experience catnip intolerance — a sensitivity to its compounds that can cause digestive discomfort. This differs from a catnip allergy, which involves an immune reaction and may trigger more severe symptoms.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetate (5-HIAA) is a measure that reflects the breakdown of serotonin, a key neurotransmitter in the body. It is primarily used as a clinical marker, particularly for detecting and monitoring carcinoid tumors that may overproduce serotonin. Urinary 5-HIAA levels can also serve as an approximate indicator of the body’s overall serotonin levels.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through multiple stages — primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary — and can affect different organ systems over time. Syphilis is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex, and can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis.

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that reflects the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. It is transported to the liver, where it is processed and excreted into the bile. Healthy liver function ensures bilirubin is efficiently filtered from the blood and converted into a form that can be eliminated through the digestive system. Blood bilirubin levels serve as an important indicator of liver health, bile duct function, and red blood cell turnover.

Shellfish allergies are a type of food allergy that affect both adults and children. This allergy often involves a variety of shellfish, including blue mussel, oyster, clam, and scallop. Because allergic reactions can be severe, understanding how to recognize and manage a shellfish allergy is essential for those affected.

The Testosterone/Cortisol ratio reflects the balance between anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes in the body. Testosterone supports muscle growth, energy, and recovery, while cortisol is a stress hormone that can promote tissue breakdown when chronically elevated. A healthy ratio may indicate good resilience, recovery capacity, and hormonal balance, whereas a low ratio may suggest high stress load, overtraining, or hormonal imbalance. This marker is particularly relevant for athletes, individuals under chronic stress, or those with fatigue-related symptoms. It helps provide context to both testosterone and cortisol values when interpreted together.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) refer to a group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids play key roles in muscle protein synthesis, energy production, and recovery, especially during physical activity. Measuring total BCAA levels in the blood provides insight into protein metabolism, nutritional status, and muscle health. Imbalances can be linked to poor dietary intake, metabolic dysfunction, or increased demand due to stress, illness, or intense training. BCAA levels are particularly relevant for athletes, individuals with fatigue, or those recovering from illness or muscle loss.

Blood group B has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. People with this blood type can donate blood to those with blood group B or AB. They can receive blood from donors with blood group B or O. Blood group B is less common in some regions. Compatibility is key for safe transfusions.

Barley is a widely used grain found in various foods and beverages — from bread and cereals to beer. For some individuals, barley can cause an allergic reaction due to its protein content. Recognizing the symptoms and properly managing a barley allergy is important for those affected.

Citrate is a compound that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle, essential for energy production in aerobic organisms. It helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP (energy). Citrate also supports the regulation of the body’s acid-base balance and contributes to kidney stone prevention by binding with calcium.