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Entamoeba histolytica is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Detection may reflect exposure through water, food, or surroundings that have been contaminated with faeces. Entamoeba histolytica mainly affects the large intestine, where it can irritate the intestinal lining and, in more significant cases, cause tissue damage. When Entamoeba histolytica affects the gut, it is mainly associated with persistent diarrhoea, loose stools, mucus in stool, blood in stool, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, weight loss, or poor general condition. If Entamoeba histolytica is detected, especially together with ongoing diarrhoea, blood or mucus in stool, weight loss, or lethargy, veterinary follow up is recommended to assess the finding and decide whether treatment, hydration support, and hygiene measures are needed.

Dientamoeba fragilis is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Detection may reflect exposure through faecal contamination, contaminated food or water, soil, or environments contaminated with faeces. Dientamoeba is mainly associated with the intestinal tract, where it may irritate the gut lining and contribute to irregular bowel function. When clinically relevant, it is mainly associated with loose or fluctuating stools, gas, abdominal discomfort, mucus in stool, reduced appetite, tiredness, or recurring digestive upset. If Dientamoeba fragilis is detected together with ongoing digestive symptoms, veterinary follow up may be needed to assess the finding and decide whether treatment, repeat testing, or hygiene measures are appropriate.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Detection may reflect exposure through contaminated water, food, soil, faeces, or environments where faecal contamination is present. Cyclospora can affect the intestinal lining and may disturb fluid balance and nutrient absorption. When clinically relevant, it is mainly associated with diarrhoea, loose or watery stools, mucus in stool, gas, reduced appetite, weight loss, tiredness, or digestive discomfort. If Cyclospora is detected together with ongoing diarrhoea, weight loss, or poor general condition, veterinary follow up may be needed to assess the finding and decide whether treatment, hydration support, or hygiene measures are appropriate.

Cryptosporidium species are microscopic intestinal parasites that can be detected in stool. In dogs, exposure usually occurs through contaminated water, food, soil, faeces, or environments where faecal contamination is present. Cryptosporidium can infect the intestinal lining and interfere with normal fluid balance in the gut. Higher levels can suggest a greater parasite burden in the intestinal tract, which may be more relevant in puppies, older dogs, or dogs with reduced immune resilience. Higher levels may be seen alongside watery or loose stools, diarrhoea, mucus in stool, gas, reduced appetite, weight loss, or dehydration risk. If Cryptosporidium is detected together with ongoing diarrhoea or poor general condition, veterinary follow up may be needed to assess whether treatment, hydration support, or hygiene measures are appropriate.

Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. In dogs, exposure can occur through contaminated water, food, soil, faeces, or environments where faecal contamination is present. Low levels may occur without clear signs of illness. Higher levels can suggest that Blastocystis is present in greater amounts in the intestinal tract, which may be more relevant when the gut lining is irritated or the gut microbiome is imbalanced. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, soft stools, diarrhoea, gas, mucus in stool, reduced appetite, or digestive discomfort. If higher levels occur together with ongoing digestive symptoms, veterinary follow up may be needed to assess whether the parasite is contributing to the dog’s symptoms and whether treatment or environmental hygiene measures are appropriate.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and is commonly known as baker’s or brewer’s yeast. In a dog’s gut profile, its presence may reflect exposure from diet, fermented ingredients, yeast containing supplements, or temporary passage through the gut. Higher levels can suggest that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not only passing through, but that the gut environment allows this fermentation associated yeast to remain detectable or increase. This may happen when the balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, or when the intestinal environment supports more yeast fermentation. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, gas, bloating, digestive changes, or signs of increased fermentation in the gut. Saccharomyces cerevisiae levels can help show whether diet or supplement related yeasts are influencing the dog’s fungal profile.

Rhodotorula species are environmental yeasts that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. They are often linked to moist environments, water, air, and surfaces in the surroundings. In a dog’s gut profile, low levels may reflect external exposure from the environment, followed by temporary passage through the gut. Higher levels can suggest that Rhodotorula is not only passing through, but that the gut environment is allowing this moisture and surface associated yeast to remain detectable or increase. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced, the balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, or the intestinal environment becomes more favourable for yeast growth. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, gas, mild digestive irritation, mucus in stool, or signs that external environmental yeasts are becoming part of the gut fungal pattern. Rhodotorula species levels can help show whether yeasts linked to moisture, water, and environmental surfaces are present beyond temporary exposure.

Geotrichum species are yeast like fungi that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. They are often linked to soil, food, and organic material. In a dog’s gut profile, low levels may reflect temporary passage after exposure from diet or surroundings. Higher levels can suggest that Geotrichum is not only passing through, but that the gut environment allows this food and organic material associated fungus to remain detectable or increase. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced or gut balance is disturbed. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, gas, mucus in stool, digestive changes, or mild mucosal irritation. Geotrichum species levels can help show whether fungi linked to food, soil, and organic material are becoming part of the dog’s gut fungal pattern.

Candida tropicalis can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. It is an opportunistic Candida yeast that can become more prominent when the gut environment no longer keeps yeast growth well controlled. Higher levels can suggest that Candida tropicalis is actively taking more space in the gut, rather than only being present in low amounts. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced, after antibiotic use, during immune stress, or when the balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may be seen alongside loose or altered stools, gas, recurring digestive changes, mucus in stool, or mucosal irritation. Candida tropicalis levels can help show whether the gut environment is allowing a more active Candida overgrowth pattern to develop.

Candida parapsilosis can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract, on the skin, and on mucosal surfaces. It is a Candida yeast that is often associated with body surfaces, meaning areas such as the skin, mouth, and other mucosal linings. Higher levels in the gut can suggest that the intestinal environment is allowing Candida parapsilosis to remain present or grow more than expected. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced, after antibiotic use, during immune stress, or when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, gas, digestive changes, mucosal irritation, or signs that a surface associated yeast is becoming part of the gut’s fungal imbalance. Candida parapsilosis levels can help show whether the yeast pattern includes Candida species that may be influenced by both mucosal balance and the gut environment.

Candida lusitaniae can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. It is usually not one of the Candida yeasts expected to dominate a dog’s gut profile. Higher levels can suggest that the gut environment is allowing a less typical Candida yeast to grow more than expected. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced, after antibiotic use, during immune stress, or when the balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, gas, recurring digestive changes, or mild mucosal irritation. Candida lusitaniae levels can help show whether the yeast imbalance includes less typical Candida species, which may suggest that the gut environment is disturbed enough to give more yeasts room to grow.

Candida lambica can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. Its presence may sometimes reflect exposure from the dog’s diet or environment, or temporary passage through the gut. Higher levels can suggest that Candida lambica is not only passing through, but that the gut environment is less able to keep this yeast in check, allowing it to remain detectable or increase. This may happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, gas, mild digestive changes, or signs that an exposure related yeast is remaining in the gut rather than only passing through. Candida lambica levels can help show whether an exposure related yeast is becoming part of a broader fungal pattern.

Candida krusei can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida krusei may be present without causing problems. Higher levels can indicate that the gut environment is already disturbed in a way that allows Candida krusei to persist or grow. This may happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, for example after antibiotic use, immune stress, gut imbalance, reduced competition from other microorganisms, or previous antifungal exposure. Candida krusei is known as a more resilient Candida yeast, which means it may be harder for a disturbed gut ecosystem to keep in balance. Higher levels may be seen alongside recurring or more persistent digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or signs of a more robust yeast imbalance. Candida krusei levels can help show whether this more resilient yeast is part of the dog’s fungal pattern.

Candida kefyr is a less common Candida yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida kefyr may be present without causing problems. Higher levels can indicate that the gut environment has become more favourable for yeast growth, especially when the normal bacterial balance is reduced or disrupted. Candida kefyr is also known from fermented food environments, so its presence may sometimes reflect dietary exposure or temporary passage through the gut, but higher levels can suggest that it is persisting more than expected. Higher levels may be seen alongside altered stool quality, gas, digestive changes, or temporary gut irritation, especially when the finding is influenced by dietary exposure or a changed gut balance. Candida kefyr levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes yeasts that may be influenced by both gut balance and exposure from the dog’s diet or environment.

Candida guilliermondii is a less common Candida yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida guilliermondii may be present without causing problems. Higher levels can indicate that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows less common yeasts to grow more than expected. This can happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, for example after antibiotic use, immune stress, gut imbalance, or reduced competition from other microorganisms. Higher levels may be seen alongside digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or other signs that the fungal balance in the gut is disturbed. Candida guilliermondii levels can help show whether the fungal imbalance is broader than a more typical Candida pattern.

Candida glabrata is a yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, yeasts may be present without causing problems, but Candida glabrata can become more prominent when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. This can happen after antibiotic use, immune stress, gut imbalance, or other conditions that give yeast more space to grow. Higher levels can reflect that this more resilient Candida species has become a larger part of the fungal profile. Higher levels may be seen alongside recurring digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or signs of a yeast imbalance that is not easily stabilised. Candida glabrata levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes a more resilient Candida species, not only the more common Candida types.

Candida famata is a less common yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, yeasts may be present without causing problems, but higher levels of Candida famata can be a stronger sign that the fungal balance is disturbed. Because this yeast is not usually expected to be dominant, increased levels can suggest that less common yeast species have been given space to grow. This may happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, such as after antibiotic use, immune stress, gut imbalance, or other conditions that favour yeast growth. Higher levels may be seen alongside digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mild mucosal irritation, or other signs that less common yeasts are taking more space in the gut environment. Candida famata levels can help show whether less common yeast species are present as part of a broader fungal pattern.

Candida lipolytica can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. This yeast is known for its ability to use and break down lipids, meaning fats and fat like substances. Higher levels can suggest that the gut environment is favourable for Candida lipolytica, especially in connection with fat rich or lipid influenced conditions in the gut. This may be relevant when digestion, bile flow, dietary fat, or the balance between bacteria and fungi affects the intestinal environment. Higher levels may be seen alongside digestive changes such as altered stool quality, softer or more odorous stools, gas, abdominal discomfort, or signs that fat digestion is affecting the gut environment. Candida lipolytica levels can help show whether fat related conditions in the gut may be influencing the dog’s fungal profile.

TPO antibodies (TPO-ab) are antibodies directed against thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme essential for the production of thyroid hormones. Elevated levels of TPO antibodies may indicate an autoimmune reaction affecting the thyroid gland and are commonly associated with conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. TPO antibodies can sometimes be elevated even when thyroid hormone levels are still within normal ranges.

Candida intermedia is a less common Candida yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida intermedia may be present without causing problems. Higher levels can indicate a broader and more varied yeast pattern, especially when Candida species beyond the most common types are present. This may happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, for example after antibiotic use, immune stress, gut imbalance, or reduced competition from other microorganisms. Higher levels can be linked to digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, itching, skin irritation, or ear issues. Candida intermedia levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes a wider range of Candida species rather than a more typical Candida pattern.

Candida dubliniensis is a yeast that is closely related to Candida albicans and can be found on mucous membranes and in the gastrointestinal tract. In low and balanced amounts, it may be present without causing problems. When the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, Candida dubliniensis can become more noticeable as part of a broader yeast imbalance. This can happen after factors such as antibiotic use, immune stress, gut imbalance, or conditions that give yeast more space to grow. Higher levels can be linked to digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, skin or ear irritation, or recurring yeast related signs. Candida dubliniensis levels can help show whether the yeast imbalance is broader than Candida albicans alone.

Candida albicans is a yeast that can normally be found in the gut, on mucous membranes, and sometimes on the skin or in the ears. In low and balanced amounts, it may be present without causing problems. When the normal bacterial and fungal balance is disrupted, Candida albicans can grow more than expected and contribute to yeast overgrowth. This can happen after factors such as antibiotic use, immune stress, skin or gut imbalance, or conditions that give yeast more space to grow. Higher levels can be linked to digestive changes, gas, altered stool quality, itching, skin irritation, ear issues, or recurring yeast related signs. Candida albicans levels can help show whether yeast overgrowth is part of the dog’s wider gut imbalance.

Allobaculum stercoricanis is a gut bacterium commonly found in dogs. It is involved in microbial fermentation, where gut bacteria break down parts of the diet and produce substances such as lactate and butyrate that can help support the intestinal environment. Its levels can provide insight into normal digestive fermentation, stool quality, and how the gut microbiome responds to diet. Changes in Allobaculum stercoricanis may reflect shifts in diet, fat intake, fermentation activity, or overall gut balance.

Romboutsia sedimentorum is a gut bacterium involved in the breakdown and processing of different food residues in the intestine. Unlike markers that mainly reflect fibre or protein fermentation, Romboutsia sedimentorum can provide broader insight into how the gut microbiome handles a mixed diet. Its levels can help show whether the microbiome is actively processing nutrients in a balanced way, which may be reflected in digestion, stool quality, gas production, or overall gut balance.

Megamonas funiformis is a gut bacterium involved in the fermentation of carbohydrates and other dietary components. It can contribute to the production of substances formed when gut bacteria break down food residues. Megamonas funiformis levels can provide insight into how active carbohydrate fermentation is in the gut. Changes in its levels may be relevant when there are shifts in stool quality, gas production, diet, or the overall balance of fermenting bacteria.

Collinsella species refers to a group of gut bacteria involved in carbohydrate processing and metabolic activity in the intestine. These bacteria can be part of the normal gut microbiome, but changes in their levels can reflect shifts in how the microbiome handles energy from food, especially carbohydrates. Collinsella levels can provide insight into gut metabolic balance and may be relevant when there are changes in digestion, stool quality, gas production, or the overall bacterial balance of the gut.

Ruminococcus species refers to a group of gut bacteria that help break down fibre and resistant starch, which are parts of food that the dog cannot fully digest on its own. This makes them important for fibre fermentation, stool formation, and the production of substances that support the intestinal lining. Balanced Ruminococcus levels can indicate that the gut microbiome is helping process harder to digest carbohydrates. Changes in this group may reflect shifts in fibre intake, stool consistency, gas production, or overall gut balance.

Prevotella copri is a gut bacterium involved in breaking down fibre, plant based food components, and complex carbohydrates. Its levels can give insight into how much the gut microbiome is adapted to processing fibre rich parts of the diet. Higher levels can reflect stronger carbohydrate and fibre fermentation, while low levels may suggest that this type of fermentation is less prominent. Prevotella copri is useful because it helps show whether the gut microbiome is more geared toward fibre and carbohydrate breakdown, which can influence stool quality, gas production, and overall gut balance.

Fusobacterium varium is a gut bacterium that can add detail to the overall Fusobacterium pattern in the canine microbiome. While some Fusobacterium species are more closely linked to odour or mucosal surfaces, Fusobacterium varium is useful for showing whether this group of protein fermenting bacteria is more broadly represented in the gut. Changes in its level can be linked to shifts in stool quality, gut irritation, protein fermentation, or the overall balance of gut bacteria. Fusobacterium varium levels can therefore help show whether the Fusobacterium pattern is isolated or part of a wider microbial shift.

Fusobacterium perfoetens is a gut bacterium linked to the breakdown and fermentation of protein rich and nitrogen containing material in the intestine. It is especially relevant for understanding fermentation patterns that may affect stool odour and gas production. Higher levels can be linked to stronger smelling stool, gas, altered stool quality, or a gut environment where protein breakdown products are more prominent. Fusobacterium perfoetens levels can therefore give insight into odour related fermentation in the canine gut.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a bacterium that can occur on mucosal surfaces, including the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. This makes it different from the other Fusobacterium markers, because it can give insight into bacteria linked to both oral and gut microbial patterns. Higher levels may be relevant when there are signs such as bad breath, oral health issues, gut irritation, mucus in the stool, or changes in stool quality. Fusobacterium nucleatum levels can help show whether mucosal bacteria from areas such as the mouth and gut lining are more prominent in the microbiome profile.

Fusobacterium mortiferum is an anaerobic gut bacterium, meaning it grows in low oxygen environments such as the intestine. It is mainly relevant because it can reflect how protein rich food residues are broken down and fermented in the gut. Higher levels can be linked to a gut environment where protein fermentation is more active, which may contribute to stronger stool odour, gas, or changes in stool quality. Fusobacterium mortiferum levels can therefore provide insight into how the canine gut microbiome is processing protein residues.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a beneficial gut bacterium strongly linked to the production of butyrate, a substance that helps nourish and support the intestinal lining. It is often associated with gut barrier support, balanced immune activity, and a more stable intestinal environment. Lower levels can reflect reduced microbial support for the gut lining and may be seen in patterns of gut imbalance or inflammation. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii levels can provide insight into the microbiome’s ability to support intestinal health and resilience.

Blautia wexlerae is a gut bacterium within the Blautia group and is involved in microbial fermentation. It is linked to the production of metabolites, which are small substances made when gut bacteria break down nutrients. These metabolites can help support the gut environment and communication between the microbiome and the intestinal lining. Blautia wexlerae levels can provide insight into how the gut microbiome responds to diet, fibre intake, and changes in bacterial balance.

Blautia hansenii is a gut bacterium that belongs to the Blautia group. It is involved in microbial fermentation, where gut bacteria break down dietary components and produce compounds such as short chain fatty acids. These compounds can help support the intestinal lining and overall gut environment. Blautia hansenii levels can provide insight into fibre fermentation, bacterial balance, and the gut microbiome’s ability to produce supportive metabolites.

Blautia producta is a gut bacterium within the Blautia group and is involved in the fermentation of dietary components. It is especially relevant because Blautia species are linked to the production of short chain fatty acids, which are compounds that help support the gut lining and intestinal environment. Blautia producta levels can provide insight into the microbiome’s capacity for fermentation and gut barrier support. Changes in its level may reflect shifts in fibre intake, digestive function, or the balance of bacteria involved in producing supportive gut metabolites.

Blautia obeum is a gut bacterium that belongs to the Blautia group. It is involved in microbial fermentation, where gut bacteria break down dietary components and produce substances that can support the intestinal environment. Blautia obeum levels can provide insight into fibre fermentation, gut bacterial balance, and the microbiome’s ability to produce compounds that support the gut lining. Changes in its level may reflect shifts in diet, fibre intake, or overall microbial balance.

Phocaeicola vulgatus, previously classified within the Bacteroides group, is a gut bacterium involved in the breakdown of dietary components and microbial metabolism. It can be part of the normal intestinal microbiome, but its level helps show how the Bacteroides related community is structured. This marker is useful because it adds detail about carbohydrate and nutrient processing in the gut. Changes may reflect shifts in diet, stool quality, or the balance between different gut bacteria.

Bacteroides uniformis is a gut bacterium within the Bacteroides group. It is involved in processing dietary carbohydrates and supporting the normal breakdown of nutrients in the intestine. Compared with some other Bacteroides species, Bacteroides uniformis can add detail about the diversity of carbohydrate processing bacteria in the gut. Balanced levels can support a stable gut environment, while changes may reflect shifts in diet, fibre intake, or overall microbiome composition.

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gut bacterium known for helping break down complex carbohydrates and fibre like substances that the dog cannot digest on its own. This makes it important for nutrient processing and for producing compounds that support the gut environment. The level of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron can provide insight into how the microbiome handles dietary fibre and carbohydrate fermentation. Changes in its level can reflect shifts in diet, digestion, and the balance between different carbohydrate processing bacteria.

Bacteroides fragilis is a bacterium that can live in the intestinal tract and is part of the broader Bacteroides group. Bacteroides bacteria are involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates and supporting normal gut metabolism. Bacteroides fragilis is useful to assess because it can reflect how well the gut microbiome supports digestion and microbial balance. In balanced levels, it can be part of a normal gut environment, while changes may be linked to shifts in digestion, stool quality, or gut inflammation patterns.

Desulfovibrio piger is a sulfate reducing bacterium, meaning it can use sulfur containing compounds during fermentation in the gut. This process can produce hydrogen sulfide, a gas that in higher amounts may irritate the gut lining and contribute to strong smelling gas or stool. Higher levels of Desulfovibrio piger can be linked to altered fermentation, gut irritation, and inflammatory patterns. This marker is useful because it gives insight into sulfur related fermentation and bacteria that may affect the intestinal lining.

Absiella dolichum is a gut bacterium that is still relatively new and less well established in veterinary microbiome research. It may be linked to inflammatory or imbalanced gut patterns when found at higher levels. Because it is not one of the classic gut pathogens, its value is mainly in showing a shift in the wider microbial environment rather than pointing to one specific disease. Higher levels can be relevant when there are signs of gut irritation, altered stool quality, mucus in the stool, or other markers of inflammation.

Sutterella species refers to a group of bacteria that can live in the intestinal tract and interact closely with the gut lining. These bacteria are sometimes discussed in relation to gut irritation, immune activity, and changes in the intestinal environment. Higher levels can be linked to altered stool quality, digestive sensitivity, or inflammatory patterns in the gut. This marker is useful because it gives insight into bacteria that may reflect how the gut lining and immune system are interacting with the microbiome.

Methanobrevibacter smithii is not a typical bacterium, but an archaeon, which is a type of microorganism that can live in the gut. It is involved in methane production during fermentation, the process where gut microbes break down food components. Higher levels can be linked to increased gas production, bloating, slower gut movement, or changes in stool consistency. This marker is useful because it gives insight into gas related fermentation patterns in the gut.

Helicobacter species refers to a group of bacteria that can live in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach. Many dogs can carry Helicobacter species without clear symptoms, but higher levels or irritation of the stomach lining can be linked to vomiting, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, weight changes, or signs of upper digestive irritation. This marker is useful because it gives insight into the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract, not only the lower gut.

Peptoclostridium species refers to a group of bacteria that can live in the intestinal tract. These bacteria are involved in the breakdown of proteins and other nutrients by gut microbes. This process is called fermentation and can be normal, but if the balance shifts, it may contribute to gas, stronger stool odour, stool changes, or irritation in the gut. This marker is useful because it gives insight into protein fermentation and how food residues are being processed by the gut microbiome.

Streptococcus species refers to a group of related bacteria that can live in several areas of the body, including the mouth, throat, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Some species can be part of the normal microbial environment, while others can become more noticeable when bacterial balance changes. This marker is useful because Streptococcus species can connect gut findings with oral health, throat and mucosal bacteria, and inflammatory patterns. Changes in this group may be seen alongside digestive changes, oral health issues, or signs of irritation.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a bacterium commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of dogs. Unlike Staphylococcus aureus, this species is especially associated with dogs and is often discussed in relation to skin, ear, and wound health. When it appears in a gut microbiome profile, it may reflect transfer from the dog’s own skin or mucosal surfaces, or a broader change in microbial balance. This marker is useful because it adds a dog specific view of Staphylococcus related bacteria rather than only showing general gut bacteria.

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium most often associated with the skin and mucous membranes, but it can sometimes appear in the gastrointestinal tract. It is not usually thought of as a core gut bacterium, so its presence in a gut profile can give information about a broader shift in the dog’s microbial environment. Higher levels may be linked to irritation, inflammation, immune stress, or transfer from skin and mucosal surfaces. This marker is useful because it connects gut findings with the wider microbial balance of the body.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium that can be found in the gut and other parts of the body. In balanced amounts, it may be present without causing problems, but higher levels can point to opportunistic overgrowth, meaning that the bacterium has gained more space when the normal bacterial balance is weakened. This marker is useful because Klebsiella pneumoniae can reflect a shift toward bacteria that may grow when the gut microbiome is less balanced, especially when combined with changes in stool quality, gas, diarrhoea, or signs of digestive irritation.

Escherichia coli, often called E. coli, is a bacterium that can normally live in the intestines. Many E. coli strains are harmless and part of the gut microbiome, while some strains can contribute to irritation or infection if the balance is disrupted. This marker is useful because E. coli can show whether the gut environment is shifting toward bacteria that grow well during inflammation or reduced microbial stability. Higher levels may be seen with diarrhoea, soft stool, abdominal discomfort, gas, or other digestive changes.

Enterococcus cecorum is a bacterium that can be found in the intestinal tract of animals. In dogs, it is less commonly discussed than Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, but it can still give information about changes in the gut bacterial community. Higher levels may reflect a shift in the intestinal environment, especially when digestion, appetite, or stool quality has changed. This marker is useful because it adds detail to the Enterococcus pattern rather than repeating the same information as the other Enterococcus species.

Enterococcus faecium is a bacterium that can occur in the intestines and may be part of the normal gut microbiome. Compared with Enterococcus faecalis, this species is often more relevant as an opportunistic bacterium, meaning it becomes more important when the gut environment or immune defence is under pressure. Higher levels can point to a shift toward bacteria that tolerate a disturbed gut environment. This can be seen with changes in stool quality, gas, or other signs of digestive imbalance, but the result is best understood as part of the broader bacterial pattern.

Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that can normally be found in the intestines of dogs. In balanced amounts, it may be part of a healthy gut microbiome. This marker is mainly relevant because Enterococcus faecalis can increase when the normal bacterial balance is disturbed, especially after digestive stress, diet changes, or shifts in the gut environment. Higher levels can be linked to softer stool, gas, mucus in the stool, or changes in stool quality. Its presence alone does not mean disease, but it can show that the gut bacterial balance has shifted.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium that can affect the gastrointestinal tract. Testing for this marker can help identify bacteria that may be associated with digestive signs such as diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, or changes in stool quality. Its clinical significance can vary, and detection does not always mean disease. Because Yersinia enterocolitica may have zoonotic relevance, the result should be interpreted together with symptoms, exposure history, hygiene considerations, and veterinary guidance.

Salmonella enterica is a bacterium that can cause gastrointestinal infection in dogs and other animals. Testing for this marker can help identify bacteria that may be associated with diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, reduced appetite, low energy or lethargy. Some dogs can carry Salmonella without obvious signs. Because Salmonella can be transmitted between animals and humans, the result should be interpreted together with clinical signs, hygiene measures, exposure history, and veterinary guidance.

Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium commonly found in the canine intestine. Testing for this marker can help identify increased levels of a bacterium that may be part of the normal gut flora, but where some strains can produce toxins, which are harmful substances that may irritate or damage the gut lining. When clinically relevant, elevated levels may be associated with diarrhoea, mucus in the stool, increased stool frequency, or signs of large bowel irritation. The result should be interpreted together with symptoms, toxin testing when available, the full microbiome profile, and veterinary guidance.

Clostridioides difficile is a bacterium that can be present in the intestinal tract and may produce toxins, which are harmful substances that can irritate or damage the gut lining, in certain situations. Testing for this marker can help identify bacteria that may be relevant when there are signs of diarrhoea, gut inflammation, or disrupted microbiome balance. Presence alone does not always mean disease, especially without toxin related findings or symptoms. The result should be interpreted together with clinical signs, toxin testing when available, the full microbiome profile, and veterinary guidance.

Campylobacter upsaliensis is a Campylobacter species that can be found in dogs and may be part of the intestinal microbial environment. Testing for this marker can help identify bacteria that may be associated with digestive signs such as diarrhoea, soft stool, or gastrointestinal discomfort. Some dogs may carry Campylobacter upsaliensis without symptoms. Its relevance depends on the amount detected, the dog’s symptoms, the full microbiome profile, and veterinary guidance.

Campylobacter coli is a bacterium that can occur in the intestinal tract of dogs and other animals. Testing for this marker can help identify Campylobacter species that may be associated with digestive signs such as diarrhoea, altered stool quality, or gastrointestinal discomfort. Detection does not always mean disease, as some animals may carry Campylobacter species without obvious symptoms. Because some Campylobacter species can have zoonotic potential, the result should be interpreted together with clinical signs, hygiene considerations, the full microbiome profile, and veterinary guidance.

Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterium that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and other animals. Testing for this marker can help identify bacteria that may contribute to digestive signs such as diarrhoea, soft stool, mucus in the stool, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, or lethargy. Some dogs may carry Campylobacter jejuni without obvious symptoms. Because it can have zoonotic potential, the result should be interpreted together with clinical signs, hygiene considerations, the full microbiome profile, and veterinary guidance.

The Prevotella/Bacteroides Ratio is a calculated value comparing two bacterial groups involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fibre, and other dietary components. It can provide insight into dietary patterns, fermentation activity, and the overall composition of the gut microbiome. Low or high values should be interpreted together with other microbiome markers rather than as a standalone result.

The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio is a calculated value comparing two major bacterial groups in the gut microbiome. It helps show how the microbial community is structured and can reflect patterns related to diet, fermentation, and gut balance. This ratio should be interpreted together with the full microbiome profile, since it does not diagnose a specific condition on its own.

The Shannon Diversity Index is a calculated measure of microbial diversity in the gut microbiome. It reflects both how many different microbial species are present and how evenly they are distributed. Higher diversity is generally linked to a more resilient and stable gut ecosystem, while lower diversity may suggest reduced microbiome stability or a less balanced gut environment.

Verrucomicrobia is a bacterial group that includes species associated with the intestinal mucus layer and gut barrier function. This group may reflect activity near the gut lining and interactions between bacteria and the intestinal mucosa. Changes in Verrucomicrobia levels may be influenced by diet, mucus turnover, gut environment, and overall microbiome balance.

Proteobacteria is a broad bacterial group that includes both normal gut bacteria and more opportunistic species. In the gut microbiome, increased Proteobacteria levels can sometimes reflect microbial imbalance, intestinal stress, inflammation, or a shift toward less stable gut conditions. This marker is useful for understanding the overall balance of the microbiome rather than diagnosing a specific condition on its own.

Fusobacteria is a bacterial group commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of carnivorous animals, including dogs. Some Fusobacteria can be part of a normal canine gut microbiome and may be linked to protein fermentation. Higher levels may reflect changes in diet, stool composition, protein breakdown, or microbial balance and should be interpreted together with other gut markers.

Firmicutes is a major bacterial group in the canine gut microbiome. Many bacteria within this group are involved in fermentation and the production of short chain fatty acids, which help support the intestinal barrier, gut environment, and energy metabolism. Low or high levels may reflect changes in diet, microbial diversity, inflammation, or overall gut balance.

Euryarchaeota is a group of microorganisms that includes methane producing archaea, which can be present in the gut microbiome. These organisms are involved in fermentation and gas related processes. In many dogs, levels may be low or not detected, while higher levels may reflect changes in microbial fermentation, gut transit, or gas production patterns.

Bacteroidetes is a major group of bacteria in the canine gut microbiome. This group includes bacteria that help break down dietary fibre and complex carbohydrates, supporting digestion and nutrient processing. Bacteroidetes can also contribute to the production of beneficial compounds that support the gut environment. Low or high levels may reflect changes in diet, digestion, or overall microbial balance.

Actinobacteria is a major group of bacteria in the canine gut microbiome. This group includes several bacteria involved in digestion, nutrient processing, and maintaining a balanced gut environment. Some Actinobacteria, such as Bifidobacterium species, are often linked to beneficial gut functions. Low or high levels may reflect changes in microbial balance, diet, or gut environment and should be interpreted together with the full microbiome profile.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacterium that causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection that can affect the mucous membranes of the genital tract, urinary tract, rectum or throat. It may cause symptoms such as abnormal discharge, burning when urinating or pelvic discomfort, but it can also be present without noticeable symptoms.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can affect the urethra, rectum, and throat, and in women, may also infect the cervix. Most common among people aged 15–24, gonorrhea can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) IgM antibodies are immune proteins that may appear as part of the body’s response to herpes simplex virus, including HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. IgM is sometimes associated with a recent immune response, but it can be difficult to interpret and may also appear during recurrent infections. A positive result does not confirm an active infection and does not distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) IgG antibodies are immune proteins that may develop after exposure to herpes simplex virus, including HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. IgG antibodies usually appear later than IgM and can remain detectable for a long time. A positive result may indicate previous exposure to HSV, but this marker does not show whether the infection is active or distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Dust mite allergen, which is a common indoor allergen causing respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), especially as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is a compound that plays two vital roles in the body. It is a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, necessary for creating cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Additionally, in the liver, HMG-CoA contributes to producing ketone bodies, which serve as an alternative energy source during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise when glucose levels are low.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Glutamate is a key excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that plays a vital role in cognitive processes such as learning and memory. It is essential for brain development and synaptic plasticity. However, excessive glutamate levels can cause neuronal overstimulation, leading to potential neurotoxicity. This balance makes glutamate critical for normal brain function while also linking it to various neurological disorders.

Edam cheese intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty digesting Edam cheese, a semi-hard cheese known for its mild and nutty flavor. Unlike an Edam cheese allergy, which involves the immune system and can trigger severe reactions, intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort. People with Edam cheese intolerance often experience symptoms such as stomach pain, bloating, or nausea after eating Edam cheese or products containing it.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition caused by reduced levels of lactase, the enzyme needed to break down lactose — the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency can lead to symptoms like bloating, gas, and abdominal discomfort after consuming lactose-containing foods.

Green tea intolerance is a condition that reflects an individual’s difficulty in digesting green tea, a widely consumed beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant content. Unlike a green tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that supports the brain’s reward and motivation systems. It plays essential roles in mood regulation, pleasure, focus, memory, and movement control. Imbalances in dopamine levels can affect mental well-being and are linked to conditions such as depression, anxiety, and Parkinson’s disease.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection (Trichomoniasis) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It affects both men and women, though symptoms are more frequently seen in women. This infection can lead to irritation and increase the risk of contracting other STIs, including HIV.

Influenza B is a type of influenza virus that contributes to seasonal flu outbreaks, primarily affecting humans. While typically less common than Influenza A, it can still cause significant illness, especially in children and young adults. Testing for Influenza B is important for accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and effective prevention during flu season.

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that helps break down histamine, a compound involved in immune function, digestion, and nervous system activity. Healthy DAO levels are important for regulating histamine balance and reducing the risk of histamine intolerance.

Kidney bean intolerance is a condition that affects some individuals’ ability to properly digest kidney beans, a common legume known for its high protein and fiber content. While kidney beans provide important nutrients, intolerance can lead to digestive discomfort and related symptoms.

Allergies to mice and rats are a common concern, especially in laboratory environments or households where these animals are kept as pets. Allergens from mice and rats—found in their urine, dander, and saliva—can become airborne and trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is an Omega-6 fatty acid derived from gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and serves as a precursor to important eicosanoids. DGLA plays a role in modulating inflammation and may support cardiovascular health.

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a metabolite that reflects the breakdown of dopamine, a key neurotransmitter in the body. HVA levels serve as an important marker for evaluating dopamine activity. Changes in HVA can indicate shifts in dopamine function and are used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments targeting dopamine metabolism.

The cholesterol-to-HDL (Chol:HDL) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood. This ratio is used to assess heart disease risk, with a lower ratio indicating a healthier balance and a reduced risk. It is often considered a more accurate indicator of cardiovascular health than total cholesterol levels alone.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that plays an important role in supporting health, though it is less well-known than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Found mainly in fish and seafood, DPA supports cardiovascular function, brain health, and overall well-being.

Sea buckthorn is a bright orange berry known for its tangy flavor and rich nutritional content. It’s commonly used in foods like juices, jams, and supplements. However, some people may experience intolerance to sea buckthorn, which can cause discomfort when consuming products made from this berry.

Savoy cabbage is a type of cabbage known for its crinkled leaves and mild flavor. It is a versatile ingredient used in many culinary dishes. However, some individuals may experience intolerance to Savoy cabbage, which can affect their ability to consume it comfortably.

Gluten intolerance, also known as non-celiac gluten sensitivity, is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting gluten — a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Unlike celiac disease, which is an autoimmune disorder, or wheat allergy, which involves an immune response, gluten intolerance primarily causes gastrointestinal discomfort without triggering those immune mechanisms.

Nicotinic acid (niacin or vitamin B3) is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerve function, and digestion. It’s naturally found in foods like meat, fish, and grains, and can also be made from the amino acid tryptophan. A deficiency in nicotinic acid can cause pellagra, a condition marked by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.

Bifidobacterium is a key genus of beneficial bacteria that primarily inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in supporting digestion, enhancing immune function, producing essential vitamins, and combating harmful microbes. Maintaining a balanced level of Bifidobacterium is essential for a healthy gut microbiome.

Pomegranate intolerance refers to a sensitivity some individuals have to pomegranate, a vibrant and nutrient-rich fruit known for its sweet and tangy flavor. While pomegranate is enjoyed in many dishes and drinks, intolerance can cause discomfort and limit its consumption for those affected.

Tramadol is a prescription opioid analgesic used to manage moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and influencing neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine, altering the perception of pain.